Such protocol provided reproducible outcomes with final organoid products resembling LG or SG native parenchymal epithelial tissues. Herein, a feasible step-by-step protocol was provided for producing both LG and SG organoids using M3DB platforms. To meet the needs of our aging Asian societies, a next step was taken to design consistent M3DB protocols to engineer LG and SG organoid models with aging molecular and pathological features. Previously, our research group successful developed three-dimensional (3D) bioassembly nanotechnologies towards the generation of functional exocrine gland organoids via magnetic 3D bioprinting platforms (M3DB). Currently, there are no effective regenerative therapies that can fully reverse such gland hypofunction due to the lack of reproducible in vitro aging models or organoids required to develop novel treatments for multi-omic profiling. A multitude of aging-related factors and systemic conditions can cause lacrimal gland (LG) or salivary gland (SG) hypofunction leading to degenerative dry eye disease (DED) or dry mouth syndrome, respectively.
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